What is Beowulf ?
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Alliteration
Anglo-Saxon Chronology
Ashburnham House Fire
Audio: Ben Slade Reads In O.E.
Beowulf Book Idea
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Shoulder Grab vs. Hair Pull
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Jerry Bingham
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; Astrid Anand
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1830 W. Taylor
1849 H. W. Longfellow
1884 John Gibb
1901 George T. Tobin
1904 Clara L. Thomson
1907 Wentworth Huyshe
1908 J. R. Skelton
1941 Rolf Klep
1947 Laszlo Matulay
1996 Simon Noyes
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My Own Brief Outline
Liuzza (270 words)
H. Sweet (650 words)
Lesslie Hall (600 words)
Fr. Klaeber (1,500 words)
Vincent Hopper (3,500 words)
SchoolBytes (3,500 words)
Maurice Sagoff
--Student Essays/Translations--
Emma Roller (2006)
Dr. Dreowulf by Emma Roller
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Beowulf's Journey
Grendel's Arm
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Michael Alexander (1973)
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Harry Morgan Ayres (1933)
Albert C. Baugh (1925)
Gavin Bone (1946)
S. A. J. Bradley (1982)
David Breeden (1999)
Elsie Straffin Bronson (1910)
A. J. Church (1918)
Howell D. Chickering Jr. (1977)
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Samuel Harden Church (1901)
John R. Clark Hall (1911)
John Josias Conybeare (1826)
G. Cox, E. H. Jones (1886)
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E. Talbot Donaldson (1966)
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Julian Glover (1987)
Robert Kay Gordon (1923/1992)
A. Wigfall Green (1935)
Paula Grant (1995)
Stanley B. Greenfield (1982)
Francis B. Gummere (1910)
Albert W. Haley (1978)
Lesslie Hall (1892)
Seamus Heaney (2000)
Constance B. Hieatt (1967)
Florence Holbrook (1905)
Dorothy Hosford (1947)
Marc Hudson (1990)
Bernard F. Huppe (1987)
Wentworth Huyshe (1907)
John Mitchell Kemble (1837)
Charles W. Kennedy (1940)
Thomas C. Kennedy (2001)
Eric A. Kimmel (2005)
Ernest J. B. Kirtlan (1913)
Ruth P.M. Lehmann (1988)
William Ellery Leonard (1923)
Roy M. Liuzza (2000)
H.W. Lumsden (1883)
Donald A. MacKenzie (1985)
Donald A. MacKenzie (1995)
H. E. Marshall (1908)
John McNamara (2005)
Charles Scott Moncrieff (1921)
Edwin Morgan (1952)
William Morris & A. J. Wyatt (1898)
Felix Nobis (2000)
Robert Nye (1968)
Raymond Oliver (1990)
Marijane Osborn (1983)
Lucien Dean Pearson (1965)
John Porter (1993)
Tessa Potter (1996)
Burton Raffel (1963)
Zenaïde A. Ragozin (1901)
Frederick Rebsamen (1971)
Frederick Rebsamen (1991/2004)
Strafford Riggs (1934)
E. L. Risden (1994)
Gildas Roberts (1984)
Louis J. Rodrigues (2002)
Bertha Rogers (2000)
Tim Romano (2000)
Maurice Sagoff (1980)
E. V. Sandys (1941)
Gladys Schmitt (1962)
Ian Serraillier (1954)
Robert Shafer (1927)
Ben Slade (2002)
J. Duncan Spaeth (1927)
Hazelton Spencer (1951)
Archibald Strong (1925)
A. Sullivan & T. Murphy (2004)
Michael Swanton (1978)
Clara Linklater Thomson (1904)
Benjamin Thorpe (1865)
Barry Tharaud (1990)
W. K. Thomas (1968)
Chauncey B. Tinker (1902)
J. R. R. Tolkien (193?)
Richard M. Trask (1998)
Sharon Turner (1805/1852)
A.D. Wackerbarth (1849)
Wagner & MacDowall (1917)
David Wright (1957)
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1805/1852 Sharon Turner
1826 John Josias Conybeare
1837 John Mitchell Kemble
1849 A.D. Wackerbarth
1865 Benjamin Thorpe
1876 Thomas Arnold
1882 James M. Garnett
1883 H.W. Lumsden
1884 John Gibb
1886 G. Cox, E. H. Jones
1892 John Earl
1892 Lesslie Hall
1898 William Morris & A. J. Wyatt
1901 Samuel Harden Church
1901 Zenaïde A. Ragozin
1902 Chauncey B. Tinker
1904 Clara Linklater Thomson
1904 Clarence Griffin Child
1905 Florence Holbrook
1907 Wentworth Huyshe
1908 H. E. Marshall
1910 Elsie Straffin Bronson
1910 Francis B. Gummere
1911 John R. Clark Hall
1913 Ernest J. B. Kirtlan
1917 Wagner & MacDowall
1918 A. J. Church
1921 Charles Scott Moncrieff
1923 William Ellery Leonard
1923/1992 Robert Kay Gordon
1925 Albert C. Baugh
1925 Archibald Strong
1926 D. H. Crawford
1927 Robert Shafer
1927 J. Duncan Spaeth
1929 G. H. Gerould
1933 Harry Morgan Ayres
1934 Strafford Riggs
1935 A. Wigfall Green
193? J. R. R. Tolkien
1940 Charles W. Kennedy
1941 E. V. Sandys
1946 Gavin Bone
1947 Dorothy Hosford
1951 Hazelton Spencer
1952 Edwin Morgan
1954 Ian Serraillier
1957 David Wright
1962 Gladys Schmitt
1963 Burton Raffel
1963 William Alfred
1965 Lucien Dean Pearson
1966 E. Talbot Donaldson
1967 Constance B. Hieatt
1968 Robert Nye
1968 W. K. Thomas
1971 Frederick Rebsamen
1971 G. N. Garmonsway
1973 Michael Alexander
1977 Howell D. Chickering Jr.
1978 Albert W. Haley
1978 Michael Swanton
1980 Maurice Sagoff
1982 K. Crossley-Holland (kids)
1982 S. A. J. Bradley
1982 Stanley B. Greenfield
1983 Marijane Osborn
1984 Gildas Roberts
1985 Donald A. MacKenzie
1985 M. I. Ebbutt
1987 Bernard F. Huppe
1987 Julian Glover
1988 Ruth P.M. Lehmann
1990 Barry Tharaud
1990 Marc Hudson
1990 Raymond Oliver
1991/2004 Frederick Rebsamen
1993 John Porter
1994 E. L. Risden
1995 Paula Grant
1995 Donald A. MacKenzie
1996 Tessa Potter
1998 Richard M. Trask
1999 David Breeden
1999 K. Crossley-Holland (text)
2000 Bertha Rogers
2000 Roy M. Liuzza
2000 Seamus Heaney
2000 Felix Nobis
2000 Tim Romano
2001 Thomas C. Kennedy
2002 Ben Slade
2002 Louis J. Rodrigues
2004 A. Sullivan & T. Murphy
2005 Eric A. Kimmel
2005 John McNamara
[lines 194-224a in section III and 8th line from the bottom of folio 134r to 4th line from the bottom of folio 134v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD]
Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here .
{Beowulf hears about Grendel and decides to travel from his home in Geatland (southern Sweden) to Heorot (in northeast Denmark) to see if he can help out.
}
Then, where he lived, Higelac’s thane,
the Geat’s good man, heard the news
of Grendel’s crimes. Mankind’s strongest
he was on that day of this life,
noble and mighty. He ordered
a wave-crosser, said that over
the path of the swan he would seek
that great king, since he needed a man.
Although they loved him very much,
the wise argued little with him,
encouraged him, looked at omens.
The good man, from the Geat tribe,
had chosen the keenest warriors
that he might find, fifteen in all.
That sea-crafty man picked a boat
and led his men to the land’s end.
It was time. She was in the waves,
under the cliff. Warrior’s ready
stepped on her prow, currents twisting
water with sand. The men carried
bright treasures to the ship’s bosom,
beautiful war-gear and they shoved
their boat out, men on dream journey.
Wood went over waves urged by wind
floating foamy-necked like a bird,
and sometime on the second day,
their curved prow wading the waters,
those seafarers saw land again,
sea-cliffs shining and steep mountains
and broad headlands. They were across.
[lines 791-819a in section XII and 8th line from the top of folio 147r to 13th line from the top of folio 147v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD]
Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here .
{At this moment Beowulf and Grendel are fighting and Grendel is howling and screaming and wishing to escape but Beowulf has grabbed Grendel's arm and is using his incredible hand-strength to hold on to him.
}
The shelter of earls didn't want
to let that deadly visitor
escape alive, or Grendel's days
with any tribe to be counted
well spent. The earls of Beowulf
drew ancestral swords to protect
the noble leader, the great lord,
the famous chieftain, if they could.
Hard minded, intending to hew
on all sides, they went for the kill.
They didn't know that no war blade,
not the best iron over earth,
could ever touch that criminal.
He had cast a spell on weapons,
on every edge. Leaving the world
on that day of this life was hard
for him. In the power of fiends
that strange spirit would journey far.
Then the adversary of God,
who caused much sorrow in the minds
of mankind, found that his body
refused to follow. Hygelac's
bold kinsman held him by the hand,
each other's mortal enemy.
The monster felt pain, a great wound
at his shoulder. The sinews snapped,
and the cage of bone broke open.
To Beowulf, the victory
was given.
[lines 1537-1569 in sections XXII and XXIII and 5th line from the bottom of folio 163v, through folio 164r to 4th line from the top of folio 164v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD] Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here . Note: there is a discussion of the word eaxle in line 1537a on my page on Shoulder Grabbing vs. Hair Pulling
{At this moment Beowulf has just failed to hurt Grendel's mother with the sword Hrunting and he tries to wrestle her as he had done with Grendel.
}
Not holding back, the Geat seized
Grendel's mother by the shoulder
and flung his mortal enemy
to the floor. She paid him right back,
reaching for him with her grim claws.
Then the strongest of warriors fell;
the weary champion was down.
Sitting on her guest, she drew out
a large knife, intending to avenge
her only child. On his shoulder
the woven ring-net saved his life,
kept point and edge from entering.
Then the warrior, Ecgtheow's son,
had lost his way under the earth
if not for his battle-armor.
That hard war-net and holy God
delivered victory. The Lord,
Ruler of Heaven, made the right
decision. He stood up again.
He saw among other weapons
a victory blade with strong edge,
an old giant sword, the glory
of warriors, the best of weapons,
but larger than any other
man might carry into battle,
ornamented work of titans.
The Scylding warrior grasped the hilt,
savage, sword-grim, drew the ring sword,
filled with anger and despair, struck
and caught her hard right in the neck,
broke the bone rings. The sword went through
the doomed body, and she went down.
The sword was crimson. He rejoiced
in his work.
[lines 1584b-1590 in section XXIII and 7th line from the bottom of folio 164v to first half of the last line of folio 164v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD]
Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here .
{At this moment Beowulf has just discovered Grendel's lifeless body lying in the cave.
}
The brave champion
rewarded him. He saw Grendel
lying at rest, weary of war,
lifeless, with the wounds he'd received
in Heorot. The dead body
split open when it was struck hard
with the sword, and the head fell off.
[lines 2672b-2708a in sections XXXVI and XXXVII and 8th line from the bottom of folio 189A197r, through folio 189A197v to 3rd line from the top of folio 189r on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD]
Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here .
{At this moment, Wiglaf has just run into the flames to be by Beowulf's side and the dragon has charged at them both, incinerating Wiglaf's shield.
}
Flames consumed his shield, and armor
was no help the young warrior.
but when his own was gone, he got
behind his kinsman’s shield. The king,
remembering his famous deeds,
swung his sword with all his might
so it stuck in the dragon’s head.
Then Naegling, Beowulf’s sword, snapped.
Old and grey, it failed in the fight.
It was not to be that he’d win
a fight with an edge of iron.
His hand was too strong, was too much
for any blade. When he carried
a hard weapon into battle,
he was no better off for it.
For the third time, the man-scather,
the fire dragon seeing his chance,
attacked, and hot and battle-grim,
sank his teeth in the hero’s neck.
He was drenched with waves of blood.
He came to the aid of his king
with courage and strength and boldness
as was his nature. Not heeding
the dragon’s head, he burned his hand
severely when with his sword he
struck the fierce spirit lower down.
The bright and golden sword sank in,
The king, still conscious, drew a knife
that he wore on his coat of mail,
and the helmut of the Weders
thrust the blade into the serpent.
They had brought down the enemy,
their courage against the worm’s life,
two kinsmen fighting together.