What is Beowulf ?
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Alliteration
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Ashburnham House Fire
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; Astrid Anand
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1830 W. Taylor
1849 H. W. Longfellow
1884 John Gibb
1901 George T. Tobin
1904 Clara L. Thomson
1907 Wentworth Huyshe
1908 J. R. Skelton
1941 Rolf Klep
1947 Laszlo Matulay
1996 Simon Noyes
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Liuzza (270 words)
H. Sweet (650 words)
Lesslie Hall (600 words)
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Emma Roller (2006)
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Clara Linklater Thomson (1904)
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W. K. Thomas (1968)
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J. R. R. Tolkien (193?)
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A.D. Wackerbarth (1849)
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1805/1852 Sharon Turner
1826 John Josias Conybeare
1837 John Mitchell Kemble
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1865 Benjamin Thorpe
1876 Thomas Arnold
1882 James M. Garnett
1883 H.W. Lumsden
1884 John Gibb
1886 G. Cox, E. H. Jones
1892 John Earl
1892 Lesslie Hall
1898 William Morris & A. J. Wyatt
1901 Samuel Harden Church
1901 Zenaïde A. Ragozin
1902 Chauncey B. Tinker
1904 Clara Linklater Thomson
1904 Clarence Griffin Child
1905 Florence Holbrook
1907 Wentworth Huyshe
1908 H. E. Marshall
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1910 Francis B. Gummere
1911 John R. Clark Hall
1913 Ernest J. B. Kirtlan
1917 Wagner & MacDowall
1918 A. J. Church
1921 Charles Scott Moncrieff
1923 William Ellery Leonard
1923/1992 Robert Kay Gordon
1925 Albert C. Baugh
1925 Archibald Strong
1926 D. H. Crawford
1927 Robert Shafer
1927 J. Duncan Spaeth
1929 G. H. Gerould
1933 Harry Morgan Ayres
1934 Strafford Riggs
1935 A. Wigfall Green
193? J. R. R. Tolkien
1940 Charles W. Kennedy
1941 E. V. Sandys
1946 Gavin Bone
1947 Dorothy Hosford
1951 Hazelton Spencer
1952 Edwin Morgan
1954 Ian Serraillier
1957 David Wright
1962 Gladys Schmitt
1963 Burton Raffel
1963 William Alfred
1965 Lucien Dean Pearson
1966 E. Talbot Donaldson
1967 Constance B. Hieatt
1968 Robert Nye
1968 W. K. Thomas
1971 Frederick Rebsamen
1971 G. N. Garmonsway
1973 Michael Alexander
1977 Howell D. Chickering Jr.
1978 Albert W. Haley
1978 Michael Swanton
1980 Maurice Sagoff
1982 K. Crossley-Holland (kids)
1982 S. A. J. Bradley
1982 Stanley B. Greenfield
1983 Marijane Osborn
1984 Gildas Roberts
1985 Donald A. MacKenzie
1985 M. I. Ebbutt
1987 Bernard F. Huppe
1987 Julian Glover
1988 Ruth P.M. Lehmann
1990 Barry Tharaud
1990 Marc Hudson
1990 Raymond Oliver
1991/2004 Frederick Rebsamen
1993 John Porter
1994 E. L. Risden
1995 Paula Grant
1995 Donald A. MacKenzie
1996 Tessa Potter
1998 Richard M. Trask
1999 David Breeden
1999 K. Crossley-Holland (text)
2000 Bertha Rogers
2000 Roy M. Liuzza
2000 Seamus Heaney
2000 Felix Nobis
2000 Tim Romano
2001 Thomas C. Kennedy
2002 Ben Slade
2002 Louis J. Rodrigues
2004 A. Sullivan & T. Murphy
2005 Eric A. Kimmel
2005 John McNamara
[lines 194-224a in section III and 8th line from the bottom of folio 134r to 4th line from the bottom of folio 134v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD]
Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here .
{Beowulf hears about Grendel and decides to travel from his home in Geatland (southern Sweden) to Heorot (in northeast Denmark) to see if he can help out.
}
A thane of Hygelac
heard in his homeland
of Grendel's deeds.
Great among Geats,
this man was more mighty
than any then living.
He summoned and stocked
a swift wave-courser,
and swore to sail
over the swan-road
as one warrior should
for another in need.
His elders could find
no fault with his offer,
and awed by the omens,
they urged him on.
He gathered the bravest
of Geatish guardsmen.
One of fifteen,
the skilled sailor
strode to his ship
at the ocean's edge.
He was keen to embark:
his keel was beached
under the cliff
where sea-currents curled
surf against sand;
his soldiers were ready.
Over the bow
they boarded in armor,
bearing their burnished
weapons below,
their gilded war-gear
to the boat's bosom.
Other men shoved
the ship from the shore,
and off went the band,
their wood-braced vessel
bound for the venture
with wind on the waves
and foam under bow,
like a fulmar in flight.
On the second day
their upswept prow
slid into sight
of steep hillsides,
bright cliffs, wide capes
at the close of their crossing,
the goal of their voyage
gained in good time.
[lines 791-819a in section XII and 8th line from the top of folio 147r to 13th line from the top of folio 147v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD]
Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here .
{At this moment Beowulf and Grendel are fighting and Grendel is howling and screaming and wishing to escape but Beowulf has grabbed Grendel's arm and is using his incredible hand-strength to hold on to him.
}
That shielder of men
meant by no means
to let the death-dealer
leave with his life,
a life worthless
to anyone elsewhere.
Then the young soldiers
swung their old swords
again and again
to save their guardian,
their kingly comrade,
however they could.
Engaging with Grendel
and hoping to hew him
from every side,
they scarcely suspected
that blades wielded
by worthy warriors
never would cut
to the criminal's quick.
The spell was spun
so strongly about him
that the finest iron
of any on earth,
the sharpest sword-edge
left him unscathed.
Still he was soon
to be stripped of his life
and sent on a sore
sojourn to Hell.
The strength of his sinews
would serve him no more;
no more would he menace
mankind with his crimes,
his grudge against God,
for the high-hearted kinsman
of King Hygelac
had hold of his hand.
Each found the other
loathsome in life;
but the murderous man-bane
got a great wound
as tendons were torn,
shoulder shorn open,
and bone-locks broken.
[lines 1537-1569 in sections XXII and XXIII and 5th line from the bottom of folio 163v, through folio 164r to 4th line from the top of folio 164v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD] Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here . Note: there is a discussion of the word eaxle in line 1537a on my page on Shoulder Grabbing vs. Hair Pulling
{At this moment Beowulf has just failed to hurt Grendel's mother with the sword Hrunting and he tries to wrestle her as he had done with Grendel.
}
Grabbing the tresses
of Grendel's mother,
the Geats' battle-chief,
bursting with wrath,
wrestled her down:
no deed to regret
but a favor repaid
as fast as she fell.
With her grim grasp
she grappled him still.
Weary, the warrior
stumbled and slipped;
the strongest foot-soldier
fell to the foe.
Astraddle the hall-guest,
she drew her dagger,
broad and bright-bladed,
bent on avenging
her only offspring.
His mail-shirt shielded
shoulder and breast.
Barring the entry
of edge or point,
the woven war-shirt
saved him from harm.
Ecgtheow's son,
the leader of Geats,
would have lost his life
under Earth's arch
but for his armor
and heaven's favor
furnishing help.
The Ruler of All
readily aided
the righteous man
when he rose once more.
He beheld in a hoard
of ancient arms
a battle-blessed sword
with strong-edged blade,
a marvelous weapon
men might admire
though over-heavy
for any to heft
when finely forged
by giants of old.
The Scyldings' shielder
took hold of the hilt
and swung up the sword,
though despairing of life.
He struck savagely,
hit her hard neck
and broke the bone-rings,
cleaving clean through
her fated flesh.
She fell to the floor;
the sword sweated;
the soldier rejoiced.
[lines 1584b-1590 in section XXIII and 7th line from the bottom of folio 164v to first half of the last line of folio 164v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD]
Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here .
{At this moment Beowulf has just discovered Grendel's lifeless body lying in the cave.
}
He paid their price
to the fierce prince,
who looked on the ground
where Grendel lay limp,
wound-weary,
defeated in war.
The lifeless one lurched
at the stroke of the sword
that cleaved his corpse
and cut off his head.
[lines 2672b-2708a in sections XXXVI and XXXVII and 8th line from the bottom of folio 189A197r, through folio 189A197v to 3rd line from the top of folio 189r on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf CD]
Images of the original manuscript text of this section, and an mp3 file of Ben Slade reading it in Old English, are here .
{At this moment, Wiglaf has just run into the flames to be by Beowulf's side and the dragon has charged at them both, incinerating Wiglaf's shield.
}
His dreadful fire-wind
drove in a wave,
charring young Wiglaf's
shield to the boss,
nor might a mail-shirt
bar that breath
from burning the brave
spear-bearer's breast.
Wiglaf took cover
close to his kinsman,
shielded by iron
when linden was cinder.
Then the war-king,
recalling past conquests,
struck with full strength
straight at the head.
His battle-sword, Naegling,
stuck there and split,
shattered in combat,
so sharp was the shock
to Beowulf's great
gray-banded blade.
He never was granted
the gift of a sword
as hard and strong
as the hand that held it.
I have heard that he broke
blood-hardened brands,
so the weapon-bearer
was none the better.
The fearful fire-drake,
scather of strongholds,
flung himself forward
a final time,
wild with wounds
yet wily and sly.
In the heat of the fray,
he hurtled headlong
to fasten his fangs
in the foe's throat.
Beowulf's life-blood
came bursting forth
on those terrible tusks.
Just then, I am told,
the second warrior
sprang from his side,
a man born for battle
proving his mettle,
keen to strengthen
his kinsman in combat.
He took no heed
of the hideous head
scorching his hand
as he hit lower down.
The sword sank in,
patterned and plated;
the flames of the foe
faltered, faded.
Quick-witted still,
the king unsheathed
the keen killing-blade
he kept in his corselet.
Then the Geats' guardian
gutted the dragon,
felling that fiend
with the help of his friend,
two kinsmen together
besting the terror.